Both hydrarch and xerarch successions lead to

The proportion of $PAR$ in the incident solar radiation is ........

Classify the following ecosystems into their appropriate groups:
$I-$ Forest,$II-$ Grassland,$III-$ Pond,$IV-$ Desert
$V-$ Lake,$VI-$ Wetland,$VII-$ River,$VIII-$ Estuary
Terrestrial Ecosystem $\quad$ Aquatic Ecosystem

Identify the main decomposers of an ecosystem.

Plankton, nekton and benthos are not the components of:

In which of the following ecosystems does $N_2$ act as a limiting factor?