Aspirin is a/an

Which of the following can damage the plants?

'Pathogens' were discovered by

Assertion: Thick cuticle is mostly present in disease-resistant plants.
Reason: Disease-causing agents cannot grow on the cuticle and cannot invade the cuticle.

$A$ physical or functional change responsible for causing discomfort or disability in a normal state is known as.........

$A$: It is considered advantageous to give the polio vaccine orally.
$R$: It prevents reinfection by causing intestinal immunity.