An ecosystem may be defined as

  • A

    A localised association of several plants and animals

  • B

    Different communities of plants, animals and microbes together with their physico-chemical environments

  • C

    Different communities of plants and microbesplus their physicochemical environments

  • D

    None of these

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$A$ : Neither the community modifies environment nor the environment forces the community to leave the place in climax stage of succession.

$R$ : Climax community is xerophytic in most of the types of succession.

For recycling of materials which one is most necessary