An ecosystem may be defined as
A localised association of several plants and animals
Different communities of plants, animals and microbes together with their physico-chemical environments
Different communities of plants and microbesplus their physicochemical environments
None of these
Plants growing in saline soil/high concentration of salts are
Intermediate community between pioneer and climax communities is called
In succession the seral forms are
$A$ : Neither the community modifies environment nor the environment forces the community to leave the place in climax stage of succession.
$R$ : Climax community is xerophytic in most of the types of succession.
For recycling of materials which one is most necessary