$A$ light semi-cylindrical gate of radius $R$ and length $l$ is pivoted at its midpoint $O$ of the diameter as shown in the figure,holding liquid of density $\rho$. The force $F$ required to prevent the rotation of the gate is equal to:

Given below are two statements:
Statement-$I$: The hot water flows faster than cold water.
Statement-$II$: Soap water has higher surface tension as compared to fresh water.
In the light of the above statements,choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Liquid and gas both are fluids; distinguish between them and state which property is common between them.

$(a)$ It is known that the density $\rho$ of air decreases with height $y$ as $\rho = \rho_{0} e^{-y / y_{0}}$,where $\rho_{0} = 1.25 \; kg \, m^{-3}$ is the density at sea level,and $y_{0}$ is a constant. This density variation is called the law of atmospheres. Obtain this law assuming that the temperature of the atmosphere remains constant (isothermal conditions). Also,assume that the value of $g$ remains constant.
$(b)$ $A$ large $He$ balloon of volume $1425 \; m^{3}$ is used to lift a payload of $400 \; kg$. Assume that the balloon maintains a constant radius as it rises. How high does it rise?
[Take $y_{0} = 8000 \; m$ and $\rho_{He} = 0.18 \; kg \, m^{-3}$]

Write two parts of fluid mechanics and what studies are made in them?

$A$ capillary tube $(A)$ is dipped in water. Another identical tube $(B)$ is dipped in a soap-water solution. Which of the following shows the relative nature of the liquid columns in the two tubes?