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(B) The acidity of phenols is increased by the presence of electron-withdrawing groups $(EWG)$ like $-NO_2$ on the benzene ring due to their $-I$ and

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p-Nitrophenol

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(B) The acidity of phenols is increased by the presence of electron-withdrawing groups $(EWG)$ like $-NO_2$ on the benzene ring due to their $-I$ and $-M$ effects.In $o$-nitrophenol,the $-NO_2$ group is at the ortho position,which exerts both $-I$ and $-M$ effects. However,it also forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the $-OH$ group,which slightly stabilizes the molecule but makes the release of the proton $(H^+)$ slightly less favorable compared to the para isomer.In $p$-nitrophenol,the $-NO_2$ group is at the para position,exerting a strong $-M$ effect (resonance) and $-I$ effect,which significantly stabilizes the phenoxide ion through resonance. $p$-Nitrophenol is generally considered more acidic than $o$-nitrophenol due to the lack of intramolecular hydrogen bonding that hinders proton release.In $m$-nitrophenol,the $-NO_2$ group only exerts an $-I$ effect (no resonance effect at the meta position),making it less acidic than both ortho and para isomers.Therefore,$p$-nitrophenol is the most acidic among the given options.

Which of the following is the most acidic compound?

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