In which of the following is variable valency | vedclass

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(C) Variable valency is a characteristic property of transition elements due to the participation of both $(n-1)d$ and $ns$ electrons in bond formatio

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Transition elements

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(C) Variable valency is a characteristic property of transition elements due to the participation of both $(n-1)d$ and $ns$ electrons in bond formation.Transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states because the energy difference between $(n-1)d$ and $ns$ orbitals is very small.Examples include $Cu^+/Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}/Fe^{3+}$.While some $p$-block elements also show variable valency (due to the inert pair effect),it is a defining and widespread characteristic of transition elements.

In which of the following is variable valency observed?

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