In an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror,the object distance is $x$ and the image distance is $y$,both measured from the pole of the mirror. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the relationship between $y$ and $x$?

If the focal length of the objective lens is increased,then:

Write the names of instruments developed by the use of properties of reflection and refraction of mirrors,lenses,and prisms.

$A$ solid hemisphere of refractive index $\mu_1 = 3/2$ and radius $R = 20\ cm$ is placed as shown in the figure. Another special cylindrical glass of refractive index $\mu_2$,radius $R$,and thickness $t = 2R/3$ is placed adjacent to the flat surface of the solid hemisphere. There is a very small luminous spot at $P$ just inside the solid hemisphere,and the $MN$ surface of the special glass is silvered. Considering only paraxial rays,if the final image of point $P$ for an observer to the left of the hemisphere is at the center $C$ of the hemisphere,find the refractive index $\mu_2$ of the special glass.

$A$ bulb of $100 \text{ W}$ is hanging at a height of $1 \text{ m}$ above the centre of a circular table of diameter $4 \text{ m}$. If the intensity at a point on its rim is $I_0$,then the intensity at the centre of the table will be:

$A$ concave mirror of radius of curvature $h$ is placed at the bottom of a tank containing a liquid of refractive index $\mu$ up to a depth $d$. An object $P$ is placed at a height $h$ above the bottom of the mirror. Outside the liquid,an observer $O$ views the object and its image in the mirror. The apparent distance between these two will be