What mass in $\mu g$ of $Th^{227}$ is required to produce an activity of $1 \ mCi$ if its half-life is $1.9 \ \text{years}$?

$A$ sample of a radioactive element contains $8 \times 10^{16}$ active nuclei. The half-life of the element is $15 \text{ days}$. The number of nuclei decayed after $60 \text{ days}$ is:

$A$ radioactive substance emits $100$ beta particles in the first $2 \,s$ and $50$ beta particles in the next $2 \,s$. The mean life of the sample is

$A$ piece of wood from the ruins of an ancient building was found to have a $^{14}C$ activity of $12$ disintegrations per minute per gram of its carbon content. The $^{14}C$ activity of the living wood is $16$ disintegrations per minute per gram. How long ago did the tree,from which the wooden sample came,die? Given half-life of $^{14}C$ is $5760$ years.

Half-life of a radioactive sample is $24 \,h$. If a newly prepared radioactive sample shows $4$ times the allowed and safe value of radioactivity, the minimum time after which one can work safely with the source is (in $\,h$)

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y} (1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x}) (1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp (\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z (\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1 - a)}{(1 + a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| < 1$,$\ln(1 + x) = x$ up to first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is: