Which group of plants was the first to exist on Earth?

The equivalent capacitance between $A$ and $B$ is

In a mass spectrometer used for measuring the masses of ions,the ions are initially accelerated by an electric potential $V$ and then made to describe semicircular paths of radius $R$ using a magnetic field $B$. If $V$ and $B$ are kept constant,the ratio $\left( \frac{\text{charge on the ion}}{\text{mass of the ion}} \right)$ will be proportional to

$A$ parallel beam of white light falls on a convex lens. Images of blue,red,and green light are formed on the other side of the lens at distances $x, y,$ and $z$ respectively from the pole of the lens. Then:

The probability of choosing randomly a number $c$ from the set $\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 9\}$ such that the quadratic equation $x^2 + 4x + c = 0$ has real roots is

Which process is used to obtain products like cheese and yogurt?