$Y-$ shaped energy flow model was given by
H.T. Odum
E.P. Odum
Tensley
Both $ (a)$ and $ (b)$
The ecologically fixed and genetically irreversed species are called
Soil is a mixture of
Niche overlap indicates
$X$ - In deep-sea hydrothermal vents where average temperature is between $25$ to $30^oC$
$Y$ - Reptiles and Amphibians are eurythermal
Energy contents of macrophytes may be estimated by