$99 \%$ of a radioactive element will decay between

Activity of a radioactive sample is $R_1$ at a time $t_1$ and $R_2$ at a time $t_2$. Its half-life period is $T$. The number of atoms that have disintegrated in the time interval $(t_2 - t_1)$ is equal to $\frac{n(R_1 - R_2)T}{\ln 4}$. Then '$n$' is equal to

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y}(1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x})(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp(\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z(\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1-a)}{(1+a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| \ll 1$,$\ln(1+x) \approx x$ up to the first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

$A$ radioactive element decays to form a stable nuclide. The rate of decay of the reactant $\left( \frac{dN}{dt} \right)$ will vary with time $(t)$ as shown in which figure?

In a fossil bone,the ratio of $^{14}C : ^{12}C$ is $1/16$ of the ratio found in a living animal. If the half-life of $^{14}C$ is $5730 \text{ years}$,find the age of the fossil bone in years.

$A$ sample of radioactive material $A$,which has an activity of $10\, mCi$ $(1\, Ci = 3.7 \times 10^{10}\, \text{decays/s})$,has twice the number of nuclei as another sample of different radioactive material $B$,which has an activity of $20\, mCi$. The correct choices for half-lives of $A$ and $B$ would then be respectively: