Discuss the following in brief:
$(a)$ Radioactive waste
$(b)$ Defunct ships and e-waste
$(c)$ Municipal solid waste

(N/A) Radioactive waste: This is waste generated by nuclear power plants that emits radiation. The nuclei of these elements release $\alpha$-particles,$\beta$-particles,and $\gamma$-rays. Based on the level of radioactivity,it is classified into low-level,intermediate-level,and high-level waste. High-level radioactive waste is extremely destructive and can result from accidental leakage in atomic reactors. These radiations cause tumors,cancer,and genetic mutations. High-level waste requires special protective shielding,storage,and cooling during transport.
$(b)$ Defunct ships and e-waste: Old,non-functional ships are dismantled in developing countries like India,Pakistan,and Bangladesh due to cheap labor and the demand for scrap metal. These ships contain numerous toxic substances such as asbestos,lead,mercury,tributyltin,and polychlorinated biphenyls. Workers involved in dismantling these ships are exposed to these toxic substances. Coastal areas where ship-breaking activities occur also become polluted. $E$-waste includes irreparable computers and other electronic goods imported into developing countries for recycling to extract metals.
$(c)$ Municipal solid waste: This is waste generated from homes,offices,stores,hospitals,and small-scale industries in residential areas. It includes items such as clothes,broken glass,bottles,polythene bags,leather,metals,and electronic goods.