p-type and n-type semiconductors are formed d | vedclass

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(A) Semiconductors like $Si$ or $Ge$ form a crystal lattice through $covalent$ $bonds$. $n$-type semiconductors are formed by doping with pentavalent

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Covalent bonds

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(A) Semiconductors like $Si$ or $Ge$ form a crystal lattice through $covalent$ $bonds$. $n$-type semiconductors are formed by doping with pentavalent impurities (atoms with $5$ valence electrons),which provide extra electrons. $p$-type semiconductors are formed by doping with trivalent impurities (atoms with $3$ valence electrons),which create electron deficiencies or "holes". In both cases,the doping atoms substitute for the host atoms in the lattice and participate in the formation of $covalent$ $bonds$ with neighboring atoms.

$p$-type and $n$-type semiconductors are formed due to

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