What is an image? Explain its types.

Ray optics is valid when characteristic dimensions are:

The camera lens has an aperture of $f$ and the exposure time is $(1/60) \, s$. What will be the new exposure time if the aperture becomes $1.4 \, f$?

Define a ray and a beam of light.

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances? Explain.
$(b)$ $A$ virtual image,we always say,cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we 'see' a virtual image,we are obviously bringing it on to the 'screen' (i.e.,the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction?
$(c)$ $A$ diver under water,looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Would the fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he actually is?
$(d)$ Does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely? If so,does the apparent depth increase or decrease?
$(e)$ The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some use to a diamond cutter?

If the luminous efficiency of a lamp is $2 \text{ lumen/watt}$ and its luminous intensity is $42 \text{ candela}$,then the power of the lamp is.......$W$