What is the electrophilic reagent in nitration? How is it formed?
(N/A) The electrophilic reagent in the nitration of benzene is the nitronium ion,denoted as $NO_2^+$.
It is formed by the reaction between concentrated nitric acid $(HNO_3)$ and concentrated sulfuric acid $(H_2SO_4)$.
The reaction mechanism is as follows:
$HNO_3 + H_2SO_4 \rightleftharpoons H_2NO_3^+ + HSO_4^-$
$H_2NO_3^+ \rightarrow NO_2^+ + H_2O$
Overall reaction:
$HNO_3 + 2H_2SO_4 \rightarrow NO_2^+ + H_3O^+ + 2HSO_4^-$
It is formed by the reaction between concentrated nitric acid $(HNO_3)$ and concentrated sulfuric acid $(H_2SO_4)$.
The reaction mechanism is as follows:
$HNO_3 + H_2SO_4 \rightleftharpoons H_2NO_3^+ + HSO_4^-$
$H_2NO_3^+ \rightarrow NO_2^+ + H_2O$
Overall reaction:
$HNO_3 + 2H_2SO_4 \rightarrow NO_2^+ + H_3O^+ + 2HSO_4^-$
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