| Phase | Process and Substances Involved |
|---|---|
| $(1)$ Ultrafiltration | Due to high blood pressure,small molecules are pushed from the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman's capsule. Substances: $H_{2}O$,glucose,amino acids,minerals,urea,uric acid,creatinine. |
| $(2)$ Selective Reabsorption | Due to active transport in the $PCT$,essential molecules re-enter the blood. Substances: $H_{2}O$,glucose,amino acids,minerals. |
| $(3)$ Tubular Secretion | By active transport,molecules from the blood are emptied into the lumen of the $DCT$. Substances: Uric acid,urea,creatinine,$H^{+}$,Ammonia,penicillin. |
| $(4)$ Reabsorption of $H_{2}O$ | $H_{2}O$ enters the loop of Henle and collecting duct by osmosis; minerals are actively absorbed. Substances: $H_{2}O$,minerals. |
| $(5)$ Excretion | Metabolic and excretory substances are eliminated from the body as urine. Substances: $H_{2}O$,minerals,urea,uric acid,ammonia,creatinine. |
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