(N/A) Various $DNA$ marker systems are utilized in $DNA$ fingerprinting to identify genetic variations. These include:
$1$. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms $(RFLPs)$: Based on the variation in the length of $DNA$ fragments produced by restriction enzymes.
$2$. Random Amplified Polymorphic $DNAs$ $(RAPDs)$: Uses short primers to amplify random segments of $DNA$.
$3$. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms $(AFLPs)$: Combines restriction digestion and $PCR$ amplification.
$4$. Simple Sequence Repeats $(SSRs)$: Also known as microsatellites,these are tandem repeats of short $DNA$ sequences.
$5$. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms $(SNPs)$: Variations at a single position in a $DNA$ sequence among individuals.