Give scientific reasons : Linkage and crossing over of genes are alternatives of each other.
 

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The gene for haemophilia is present on $X$-chromosome. $A$ male has only one $X$-chromosome which he receives from his mother and $Y$-chromosome from father. The human male passes the $\mathrm{X}$ chromosome to his daughters but not to the male progeny (son).

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In a test cross involving $F_1$ dihybrid flies, more parental­type offspring were produced than the recombinant­type offspring. This indicates

  • [NEET 2016]

Crossing over is

Alleles of different genes that are on the same chromosome may occasionally be separated by a phenomenon known as

$A$ : Morgan's cross III was conducted in Drosophila to locate genes on chromosome for white eye colour.
$R$ : The cross was done between red eyed hybrid female and white eyed male.

Assertion : In case of incomplete linkage, linked gene show new combination along with parental combination.

Reason : In case of incomplete linkage, linked genes are separated by crossing over.

  • [AIIMS 2010]